The Mighty Bull of the Two Lands

Barley and Corn

John Ferguson describes a common practice associated with Osiris, "Effigies made of vegetable mould and stuffed with corn were buried in graves or placed between the legs of mummies. In a representation at Philae we see the dead body of Osiris with stalks of corn springing from it, watered by a priest. There is an inscription: 'This is the form of him whom one may not name, Osiris of the mysteries, who springs from the returning waters.'" - An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Mysticism and the Mystery Religions

This is given a poignant meaning by Coffin Text 330, where it says, "For I live and grow in the corn ... I cover the earth, whether I live or die I am Barley. "

Diodorus Siculus describes how Osiris was associated with the grain, and how its harvesting was attended by rites of mourning:

"As proof of the discovery of these fruits they offer the following ancient custom which they still observe: Even yet at harvest time the people make a dedication of the first heads of the grain to be cut, and standing beside the sheaf beat themselves and call upon Isis, by this act rendering honour to the Goddess for the fruits which she discovered, at the season when she first did this. Moreover in some cities, during the Festival of Isis as well, stalks of wheat and barley are carried among the other objects in the procession, as a memorial of what the Goddess so ingeniously discovered at the beginning." (1.14)

And in the Contendings of Heru and Set, Osiris declares, "It is I who created the barley and wheat to make the Gods live, and after the Gods, the herd of man." (1.14.12)

Grain and barley are not the usual plants associated with Dionysos, but they have their place within his realm as well. For instance, Apollodoros says that Dionysos granted the daughters of Anius, the King of Delos, the power to cause wine, olive oil, and corn to rise up from the earth. (E 3.10) Additionally, grain, barley, and corn were connected with him in cult. The liknon, the fan-shaped winnowing basket in which the God resided, was often shown filled with grain in addition to grapes, other first-fruits, and the phallus. Bacchus' image was drawn round the fields in a chariot and crowned by the matrons (Augustine, De civitate Dei, VII. 21). Pausanias records that in honor of Dionysos Aisumnetes, a group of children would go down to the river Melikhos "wearing on their heads garlands of corn-ears." (7.20.1) At the Haloa, a festival he shared with Demeter, phallic cakes were made out of the grain to honor him, and at Eleusis, when the single sheaf of wheat was harvested in silence (Hippolytus 5.8.39) there were those who saw in it a manifestation of Dionysos-Iakkhos, "Hail the green ear that is harvested .. Bacchos, the shepherd of the shining stars." (9.8)

Trees and Vegetation in General

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